Aplastic anemia is a type of anemia that damages the stem cells in your bone marrow. It leads to a state where the body stops producing enough new blood cells. This disease can cause a lot of health complications, such as fatigue and infections. It is a rare and severe condition that needs treatment. 

Aplastic anemia can develop at any age. When you have this disease, your red blood cells (RBCs) do not work properly. These RBCs carry oxygen to the different organs in your body. So it impacts the supply of oxygen to the various parts of your body.

This condition can be mild or severe, depending on the symptoms. It can occur all of a sudden or gradually worsen over time.

What causes aplastic anemia?

The main cause is damage to your bone marrow. Your bone marrow has stem cells that produce blood cells and plasma cells. In some cases, your immune system attacks the stem cells in your bone marrow. It does it as it mistakes these stem cells to be foreign bodies.

Due to this, your bone marrow is either empty (aplastic) or contains a very small amount of blood cells (hypoplastic). There are a few other reasons for this disorder apart from the immune system attack. These are

• Radiation and chemotherapy treatments - These are the main treatments for cancer. They kill cancer cells as a part of the treatment. In the process, they can also damage the healthy cells, like the stem cells in your bone marrow. 
• Use of medications - Some medicines like gold compounds that treat rheumatoid arthritis can be a cause.
• Pregnancy - While you are pregnant, your immune system might attack your bone marrow cells. It can increase your risk.
• Viral infections - Some viral infections that affect your bone marrow like hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, and HIV can increase the risk. 
• Exposure to toxic chemicals - Some chemicals used in pesticides or insecticides can be a reason. 

Idiopathic aplastic anemia is the term for those cases where the doctors cannot find the cause.

What are the symptoms of aplastic anemia? 

There may not be any signs in many cases. And when they show signs, it can be very similar to those of general anemia. These include 

• Dizziness 
• Fatigue 
• Shortness of breath 
• Pale skin
• Irritability 
• Headache 
• Fever 
• Rapid heart rate 
• Bleeding in the gums 
• Lightheadedness 
• Easy bruising 

Some people may also experience chest pain. 

Diagnosis of aplastic anemia

Your doctor will first check your symptoms and ask for your detailed medical history. Then, they will ask for some tests that can help to confirm the disease. These include

Blood tests - Complete blood count (CBC) tests will show the count of your red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet count. 

Bone marrow biopsy - The doctor will use a needle to remove a small sample of bone marrow from a large bone (from the hip or pelvis area) in your body. An examination of this sample will help to rule out any other blood-related diseases which have similar signs. Your doctor will look for the stem cells count in your bone marrow. If you have aplastic anemia, your stem cell count will be low. 

Your doctor will run a few more tests after this to confirm the type of aplastic anemia. Acute aplastic anemia comes all of a sudden and can be very serious. Chronic cases develop over time, but they are just as difficult to treat.

Treatment for aplastic anemia

The goals of the treatment are two-fold. The first aim is to manage your symptoms. Along with this, there will be steps to increase the stem cell count in your bone marrow so that it produces new blood cells. 

The treatment will depend on the severity of your condition. These are the options available

Blood transfusions- Blood transfusions will help control the bleeding and relieve the symptoms. You can receive

• Red blood cells - These will raise the red blood cell count, and it will help relieve signs such as fatigue. 
• Platelets - These will prevent any excessive bleeding. 

There's no limit to the number of blood transfusions you can have. Still, there are certain complications involved if you have multiple transfusions. The transfused red blood cells will contain a lot of iron. The iron can accumulate in vital organs and damage it. 

After some time, your body will start to develop antibodies against the blood transfusions. It will make it less effective in the long run.

Bone marrow transplant for aplastic anemia

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is the main option if you have severe aplastic anemia. This procedure will replace the damaged stem cells in your bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. 

First, you will have chemotherapy or radiation to kill the damaged or cancerous cells in your bone marrow. Then, during BMT, the doctors will infuse the healthy stem cells from the donor into your bloodstream. These new healthy stem cells will then start creating new blood cells. 

BMT is the most successful in people under the age of 40 who have sibling donors. After this treatment, you will have to stay in the hospital for quite some time. There are a few risks associated with this treatment. Your body could reject the transplant, which would lead to serious complications. To avoid this, you will need to have medicines that prevent the rejection of the donated stem cells.

Immunosuppressants for aplastic anemia

If you are very old or have other serious health issues, BMT may not be an option. In such cases, the treatment involves drugs that suppress your immune system. It will thus prevent it from attacking healthy stem cells in your bone marrow. 

Immunosuppressants are such drugs that can stop the activity of your immune system, which kills healthy cells. It will thus help your bone marrow recover and form new blood cells. 

The issues with this method are 

• It is possible for your anemia to return after you stop taking these drugs.
• It weakens your overall immune system, thus making you prone to infections.

So, this method is useful only for a short period. 

Other medicines and treatments for aplastic anemia

Your doctor may also suggest some bone marrow stimulant drugs like sargramostim, filgrastim, and pegfilgrastim. These medicines stimulate your bone marrow to produce more blood cells.

As aplastic anemia weakens your immune system, you may need antibiotics or antiviral medicines to fight new infections. 

Complications due to aplastic anemia

Severe aplastic anemia can be fatal. But with proper treatment at the right time, it can be cured. However, there can be complications both due to the disease and with the treatment. These include

• Graft versus host disease (GVHD), which can happen after BMT. It is due to the failure of your body to cope with donor stem cells 
• Infections. As the immune system is weak, the chances of infections are very high
• Adverse reactions to the medicines used
• Severe bleeding - It can make normal life extremely difficult

Some people who receive immunosuppressive therapy are at risk of developing other serious conditions like MDS(myelodysplastic syndrome) and AML(acute myeloid leukemia).

Prognosis of aplastic anemia

The outcome of patients after treatment for aplastic anemia has improved a lot in recent years. The main factors that affect the results are

• Your age: If you are young, the chances of success are very high 
• Your health: You will be much better with treatment if you do not have other serious health issues
• Donor for BMT: If your donor is your brother or sister, the chances of success are much higher.
• Cause of aplastic anemia: In many cases where pregnancy is the reason for the disease, the condition improves after the delivery of the baby. Likewise, if the disease is due to chemotherapy or radiation treatments, your condition may improve once these treatments end